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Nobel Kimia 2015

Pemetaan bagaimana sel-sel memperbaiki kerusakan DNA dan menjaga informasi genetik

Date:

October 7, 2015

Source:

Nobel Foundation

Summary:

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences telah memutuskan untuk penghargaan Hadiah Nobel Kimia 2015 untuk Tomas Lindahl Francis Crick Institute dan  Balai Laboratorium Clare , Hertfordshire, Inggris, Paul Modrich Howard Hughes Medical Institute dan Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA , dan Aziz Sancar University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, "untuk studi mekanistik perbaikan DNA."

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....... Nobel Kimia 2015 diberikan kepada Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich dan Aziz Sancar karena telah memetakan , pada tingkat molekul, bagaimana sel memperbaiki DNA yang rusak dan menjaga informasi genetik. Pekerjaan mereka telah memberikan pengetahuan dasar bagaimana fungsi sel hidup dan, misalnya, digunakan untuk pengembangan pengobatan baru untuk  kanker.

Setiap hari DNA kita rusak oleh radiasi UV, radikal bebas dan zat-zat karsinogenik lainnya, tetapi bahkan tanpa serangan eksternal , molekul DNA secara inheren tidak stabil. Ribuan perubahan spontan ke genom sel terjadi setiap hari. Selanjutnya, cacat juga dapat muncul ketika DNA disalin selama pembelahan sel, proses yang terjadi beberapa juta kali setiap hari dalam tubuh manusia........more

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015

Mapping how cells repair damaged DNA and safeguard genetic information

Date:

October 7, 2015

Source:

Nobel Foundation

Summary:

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015 to Tomas Lindahl Francis Crick Institute and Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK, Paul Modrich Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA, and Aziz Sancar University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair."

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The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015 to Tomas Lindahl Francis Crick Institute and Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK, Paul Modrich Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA, and Aziz Sancar University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair."

The cells' toolbox for DNA repair

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 is awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for having mapped, at a molecular level, how cells repair damaged DNA and safeguard the genetic information. Their work has provided fundamental knowledge of how a living cell functions and is, for instance, used for the development of new cancer treatments.

Each day our DNA is damaged by UV radiation, free radicals and other carcinogenic substances, but even without such external attacks, a DNA molecule is inherently unstable. Thousands of spontaneous changes to a cell's genome occur on a daily basis. Furthermore, defects can also arise when DNA is copied during cell division, a process that occurs several million times every day in the human body.

The reason our genetic material does not disintegrate into complete chemical chaos is that a host of molecular systems continuously monitor and repair DNA. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 awards three pioneering scientists who have mapped how several of these repair systems function at a detailed molecular level.

In the early 1970s, scientists believed that DNA was an extremely stable molecule, but Tomas Lindahl demonstrated that DNA decays at a rate that ought to have made the development of life on Earth impossible. This insight led him to discover a molecular machinery, base excision repair, which constantly counteracts the collapse of our DNA.

Aziz Sancar has mapped nucleotide excision repair, the mechanism that cells use to repair UV damage to DNA. People born with defects in this repair system will develop skin cancer if they are exposed to sunlight. The cell also utilises nucleotide excision repair to correct defects caused by mutagenic substances, among other things.

Paul Modrich has demonstrated how the cell corrects errors that occur when DNA is replicated during cell division. This mechanism, mismatch repair, reduces the error frequency during DNA replication by about a thousandfold. Congenital defects in mismatch repair are known, for example, to cause a hereditary variant of colon cancer.

The Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2015 have provided fundamental insights into how cells function, knowledge that can be used, for instance, in the development of new cancer treatments.

Tomas Lindahl, Swedish citizen. Born 1938 in Stockholm, Sweden. Ph.D. 1967 from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Professor of Medical and Physiological Chemistry at University of Gothenburg 1978-82. Emeritus group leader at Francis Crick Institute and Emeritus director of Cancer Research UK at Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK.http://crick.ac.uk/research/a-z-researchers/emeritus-scientists/tomas-lindahl/

Paul Modrich, U.S. citizen. Born 1946. Ph.D. 1973 from Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute and James B. Duke Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. http://www.biochem.duke.edu/paul-l-modrich-primary

Aziz Sancar, U.S. and Turkish citizen. Born 1946 in Savur, Turkey. Ph.D. 1977 from University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA. Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.http://www.med.unc.edu/biochem/people/faculty/primary/asancar

Prize amount: 8 million Swedish krona, to be shared equally between the laureates.

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Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Nobel Foundation. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151007083600.htm

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