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cacing pemakan tulang  makan bangkai reptil laut

Sebuah spesies cacing pemakan tulang  yang diyakini telah berevolusi bersama dengan ikan paus telah  kembali ke zaman prasejarah ketika makan pada bangkai reptil laut raksasa...read more

Bone eating
worms dined on marine reptile carcasses

Date:

April 14, 2015

Source:

University of Plymouth

Summary:

A species of
bone-eating worm that was believed to have evolved in conjunction with whales
has been dated back to prehistoric times when it fed on the carcasses of giant
marine reptiles

......................

A species of bone-eating
worm that was believed to have evolved in conjunction with whales has been
dated back to prehistoric times when it fed on the carcasses of giant marine
reptiles.

Scientists at Plymouth University found that Osedax --
popularised as the 'zombie worm' -- originated at least 100 million years ago,
and subsisted on the bones of prehistoric reptiles such as plesiosaurs and sea
turtles.

Reporting in the Royal Society journal Biology Lettersthis
month, the research team at Plymouth reveal how they found tell-tale traces
of Osedax on plesiosaur fossils held in the Sedgwick Museum at
the University of Cambridge.

Dr Nicholas Higgs, a Research Fellow in the Marine Institute, said the
discovery was important for both understanding the genesis of the species and
its implications for fossil records. "The exploration of the deep sea in
the past decades has led to the discovery of hundreds of new species with
unique adaptations to survive in extreme environments, giving rise to important
questions on their origin and evolution through geological time." said
Nicholas. "The unusual adaptations and striking beauty of Osedax worms
encapsulate the alien nature of deep-sea life in public imagination.

"And our discovery shows that these bone-eating worms did not
co-evolve with whales, but that they also devoured the skeletons of large
marine reptiles that dominated oceans in the age of the dinosaurs. Osedax,
therefore, prevented many skeletons from becoming fossilised, which might
hamper our knowledge of these extinct leviathans."

The finger-length Osedax is found in oceans across the
globe at depths of up to 4,000m, and it belongs to the Siboglinidae family of
worms, which, as adults, lack a mouth and digestive system. Instead, they
penetrate bone using root-like tendrils through which they absorb bone collagen
and lipids that are then converted into energy by bacteria inside the worm.

Typically they consume whale bones, prompting many scientists to believe
that they co-evolved 45 million years ago, branching out from their cousins
that used chemosysnthesis to obtain food.

But Nicholas, and research lead Dr Silvia Danise, of Plymouth's School of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, studied fossil fragments taken
from a plesiosaur unearthed in Cambridge, and a sea turtle found in Burham,
Kent.

Using a computed tomography scanner at the Natural History Museum --
essentially a three-dimensional X-ray -- they were able to create a computer model
of the bones, and found tell-tale bore holes and cavities consistent with the
burrowing technique ofOsedax.

Dr Danise said: "The increasing evidence for Osedax throughout
the oceans past and present, combined with their propensity to rapidly consume a
wide range of vertebrate skeletons, suggests that Osedax may
have had a significant negative effect on the preservation of marine vertebrate
skeletons in the fossil record.

"By destroying vertebrate skeletons before they could be buried, Osedax may
be responsible for the loss of data on marine vertebrate anatomy and
carcass-fall communities on a global scale. The true extent of this 'Osedax effect',
previously hypothesized only for the Cenozoic, now needs to be assessed for
Cretaceous marine vertebrates."







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Plymouth. The original article was written by
Andrew Merrington. Note: Materials may be edited for content and
length.







Journal Reference:

1.    S. Danise, N. D. Higgs. Bone-eating
Osedax worms lived on Mesozoic marine reptile deadfalls. Biology
Letters, 2015; 11 (4): 20150072 DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0072

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150414212447.htm

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