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evolusi kadal   yang predictable

Jika Anda bisa menekan tombol reset pada evolusi dan mulai dari awal, akankah muncul  dasarnya spesies yang sama  ? Ya , menurut sebuah studi dari kadal Karibia ....more

Lizards show evolution is predictable

Date:

July 19, 2013

Source:

University of California - Davis

Summary:

If you could hit the reset button on evolution and start over, would
essentially the same species appear? Yes, according to a study of Caribbean lizards.

..........................

f you could hit the reset button on evolution and start over, would
essentially the same species appear? Yes, according to a study of Caribbean
lizards by researchers at the University of California, Davis, Harvard University
and the University of Massachusetts. The work is published July 19 in the
journal Science.

The predictability of evolution over timescales of millions of years has
long been debated by biologists, said Luke Mahler, a postdoctoral fellow at UC
Davis and first author on the paper. For example, the late Stephen Jay Gould
predicted that if you "rewound the tape" on evolution and started
over, you would get an entirely different outcome, arguing that small events --
a storm that wiped out a particular pond, a poor season for insects -- could
have a disproportionate effect.

On the other hand, there are a number of examples of species in similar
habitats that evolve independently into similar-looking forms, such as the
cichlid fishes of African lakes.

"It's a big question in evolutionary biology, but very hard to
test," Mahler said.

Mahler found his test subjects in the Anole lizards that live on four
neighboring islands -- Cuba, Hispaniola (the countries of Haiti and the
Dominican Republic), Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Anoles began colonizing these
islands, all similar in climate and ecology, about 40 million years ago, and
once there, they began to multiply, resulting in a diversity of species on
each.

The researchers studied 100 of the 119 Anole lizard species from the
islands, taking measurements of their bodies from wild and museum specimens and
comparing them across islands.

They found a striking degree of convergence -- on each island, evolution
had produced a set of very similar-looking lizards occupying similar
environmental niches.

"The adaptive radiations match on all four islands -- with few
exceptions, each species on an island has a match on the other islands,"
Mahler said.

By combining the body-form data with a family tree of the Anoles, Mahler
and colleagues were able to construct an "adaptive landscape" for the
lizards. An adaptive landscape is a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology
but difficult to show in practice. Peaks on an adaptive landscape represent
various combinations of features that will be favored by natural selection,
whereas valleys are just the opposite. Species with similar habits will tend to
cluster on the same peak.

For Anole lizards, their niche might be living on tree-trunks, or among
twigs high in a tree, or down in the grasses on the ground. Each calls for
different adaptations, and creates a different adaptive peak.

The adaptive landscapes of all four islands are very similar, the
researchers found. Looking back at the lizards' evolutionary history, they were
able to determine when a particular peak was colonized, or when a species
hopped from one peak to another. The landscape drives convergence, they
discovered.

"The cool part is that we now have a way of modeling the adaptive
landscape that explains this convergence," Mahler said.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by University of California - Davis. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
D. L. Mahler, T. Ingram, L. J. Revell, J. B. Losos.Exceptional
Convergence on the Macroevolutionary Landscape in Island Lizard Radiations. Science,
2013; 341 (6143): 292 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232392

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130719104931.htm

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