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Penelitian Python mungkin memiliki implikasi untuk kesehatan jantung manusia

Sebuah studi baru yang mengejutkan menunjukkan bahwa besaran jumlah  asam lemak yang beredar di aliran darah pada proses makan ular meningkatkan pertumbuhan jantung sehat , hasil yang mungkin memiliki implikasi untuk mengobati penyakit jantung manusia ....read more

Python study may have implications for
human heart health

Date:

October 29, 2011

Source:

University of Colorado at Boulder

Summary:

A surprising new study shows that huge amounts of fatty acids circulating
in the bloodstreams of feeding pythons promote healthy heart growth, results
that may have implications for treating human heart disease.

......................

A surprising new University of Colorado Boulder study shows that huge
amounts of fatty acids circulating in the bloodstreams of feeding pythons
promote healthy heart growth, results that may have implications for treating
human heart disease.

CU-Boulder Professor Leslie Leinwand and her research team found the amount
of triglycerides -- the main constituent of natural fats and oils -- in the blood
of Burmese pythons one day after eating increased by more than fiftyfold.
Despite the massive amount of fatty acids in the python bloodstream there was
no evidence of fat deposition in the heart, and the researchers also saw an
increase in the activity of a key enzyme known to protect the heart from
damage.

After identifying the chemical make-up of blood plasma in fed pythons, the
CU-Boulder researchers injected fasting pythons with either "fed
python" blood plasma or a reconstituted fatty acid mixture they developed
to mimic such plasma. In both cases, the pythons showed increased heart growth
and indicators of cardiac health. The team took the experiments a step further
by injecting mice with either fed python plasma or the fatty acid mixture, with
the same results.

"We found that a combination of fatty acids can induce beneficial
heart growth in living organisms," said CU-Boulder postdoctoral researcher
Cecilia Riquelme, first author on the Science paper. "Now we are trying to
understand the molecular mechanisms behind the process in hopes that the
results might lead to new therapies to improve heart disease conditions in
humans."

The paper is being published in the Oct. 28 issue of the journal Science.
In addition to Leinwand and Riquelme, the authors include CU postdoctoral
researcher Brooke Harrison, CU graduate student Jason Magida, CU undergraduate
Christopher Wall, Hiberna Corp. researcher Thomas Marr and University of
Alabama Tuscaloosa Professor Stephen Secor.

Previous studies have shown that the hearts of Burmese pythons can grow in
mass by 40 percent within 24 to 72 hours after a large meal, and that
metabolism immediately after swallowing prey can shoot up by fortyfold. As big
around as telephone poles, adult Burmese pythons can swallow prey as large as
deer, have been known to reach a length of 27 feet and are able to fast for up
to a year with few ill effects.

There are good and bad types of heart growth, said Leinwand, who is an
expert in genetic heart diseases including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the
leading cause of sudden death in young athletes. While cardiac diseases can
cause human heart muscle to thicken and decrease the size of heart chambers and
heart function because the organ is working harder to pump blood, heart enlargement
from exercise is beneficial.

"Well-conditioned athletes like Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps and
cyclist Lance Armstrong have huge hearts," said Leinwand, a professor in
the molecular, cellular and developmental biology department and chief
scientific officer of CU's Biofrontiers Institute. "But there are many
people who are unable to exercise because of existing heart disease, so it
would be nice to develop some kind of a treatment to promote the beneficial
growth of heart cells."

Riquelme said once the CU team confirmed that something in the blood plasma
of pythons was inducing positive cardiac growth, they began looking for the
right "signal" by analyzing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and
peptides present in the fed plasma. The team used a technique known as gas
chromatography to analyze both fasted and fed python plasma blood, eventually
identifying a highly complex composition of circulating fatty acids with
distinct patterns of abundance over the course of the digestive process.

In the mouse experiments led by Harrison, the animals were hooked up to
"mini-pumps" that delivered low doses of the fatty acid mixture over
a period of a week. Not only did the mouse hearts show significant growth in
the major part of the heart that pumps blood, the heart muscle cell size
increased, there was no increase in heart fibrosis -- which makes the heart
muscle more stiff and can be a sign of disease -- and there were no alterations
in the liver or in the skeletal muscles, he said.

"It was remarkable that the fatty acids identified in the plasma-fed
pythons could actually stimulate healthy heart growth in mice," said
Harrison. The team also tested the fed python plasma and the fatty acid mixture
on cultured rat heart cells, with the same positive results, Harrison said.

The CU-led team also identified the activation of signaling pathways in the
cells of fed python plasma, which serve as traffic lights of sorts, said
Leinwand. "We are trying to understand how to make those signals tell
individual heart cells whether they are going down a road that has pathological
consequences, like disease, or beneficial consequences, like exercise,"
she said.

The prey of Burmese pythons can be up to 100 percent of the constricting
snake's body mass, said Leinwand, who holds a Marsico Endowed Chair of
Excellence at CU-Boulder. "When a python eats, something extraordinary
happens. Its metabolism increases by more than fortyfold and the size of its
organs increase significantly in mass by building new tissue, which is broken
back down during the digestion process."

The three key fatty acids in the fed python plasma turned out to be
myristic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. The enzyme that showed
increased activity in the python hearts during feeding episodes, known as
superoxide dismutase, is a well-known "cardio-protective" enzyme in
many organisms, including humans, said Leinwand.

The new Science study grew out of a project Leinwand began in 2006 when she
was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Professor and awarded a four-year,
$1 million undergraduate education grant from the Chevy Chase, Md.-based
institute. As part of the award Leinwand initiated the Python Project, an
undergraduate laboratory research program designed to focus on the heart
biology of constricting snakes like pythons thought to have relevance to human
disease.

Undergraduates contributed substantially to the underpinnings of the new
python study both by their genetic studies and by caring for the lab pythons,
said Leinwand. While scientists know a great deal about the genomes of standard
lab animal models like fruit flies, worms and mice, relatively little was known
about pythons. "We have had to do a lot of difficult groundwork using
molecular genetics tools in order to undertake this research," said
Leinwand.

CU-Boulder already had a laboratory snake facility in place, which
contributed to the success of the project, she said.

"The fact that the python study involved faculty, postdoctoral
researchers, a graduate student and an undergraduate, Christopher Wall, shows
the project was a team effort," said Leinwand. "Chris is a good
example of how the University of Colorado provides an incredible educational
research environment for undergraduates." Wall is now a graduate student
at the University of California, San Diego.

Hiberna Corp., a Boulder-based company developing drugs based on natural
models of extreme metabolic regulation, signed an exclusive agreement with CU's
Technology Transfer Office in 2008, licensing technology developed by Leinwand
based on the natural ability of pythons to dramatically increase their heart
size and metabolism.

Directed by Nobel laureate and CU Distinguished Professor Tom Cech, the
Biofrontiers Institute was formed to advance human health and welfare by
exploring critical areas of biology and translating new knowledge into
practical applications. The institute is educating a new generation of
interdisciplinary scientists to work together on solutions to complex
biomedical challenges and to expand Colorado's leadership in biotechnology. For
more information on the Biofrontiers Institute visit cimb.colorado.edu .







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided
by University of Colorado at Boulder. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Cecilia A. Riquelme, Jason A. Magida, Brooke C. Harrison, Christopher E.
Wall, Thomas G. Marr, Stephen M. Secor, Leslie A. Leinwand. Fatty Acids
Identified in the Burmese Python Promote Beneficial Cardiac Growth.Science,
2011; 334 (6055): 528-531 DOI:10.1126/science.1210558

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111027145847.htm

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