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Apakah cetak biru untuk anggota badan dikodekan dalam genom ular ?

Date:

October 1, 2015

Source:

Cell Press

Summary:

Pola bersama ekspresi gen pada tungkai dan phallus dihasilkan sebagian oleh seperangkat  noncoding DNA , juga disebut ' elemen ' atau ' enhancer , ' yang bertindak untuk mengendalikan ekspresi gen dalam kedua struktur ini , pendapat sebuah studi baru . Kesimpulan ini berasal dari pengamatan awal bahwa banyak elemen kontrol tungkai , atau enhancer tungkai , ditemukan pada hewan berkaki masih hadir dalam genom ular .

......... Pola bersama ekspresi gen pada tungkai dan phallus dihasilkan sebagian oleh seperangkat noncoding DNA , juga disebut " elemen " atau " enhancer ", yang bertindak untuk mengontrol gen ekspresi di kedua struktur ini , pendapat sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan 1 Oktober di Developmental Cell ......more

Are the
blueprints for limbs encoded in the snake genome?

Date:

October 1, 2015

Source:

Cell Press

Summary:

The shared patterns of gene expression in the limbs and phallus are
generated in part by a common set of noncoding DNA, also called 'elements' or 'enhancers,'
which act to control gene expression in both of these structures, argues a new
study. These conclusions stemmed from an initial observation that many limb
control elements, or limb enhancers, found in limbed animals are still present
in snake genomes.

.......................

Hundreds of millions of years ago, a common ancestor of mammals, birds, and
reptiles evolved a phallus. We don't know much about phallus evolution
(external genitalia generally don't mineralize, so the fossil record is of little
help), but we can compare the expression of phallus genes from organism to
organism. From such work, we've learned that many of the genes deployed in the
developing phallus are also used to build limbs during embryonic development.

The shared patterns of gene expression in the limbs and phallus are
generated in part by a common set of noncoding DNA, also called
"elements" or "enhancers," which act to control gene
expression in both of these structures, argues a study published October 1
in Developmental Cell. These conclusions stemmed from an initial
observation that many limb control elements, or limb enhancers, found in limbed
animals are still present in snake genomes.

"From purely looking at the DNA sequences we can conclude that snakes
retain many enhancers that, based on mammalian studies, we thought were limb
enhancers," says senior study author Douglas Menke, a geneticist at the
University of Georgia. "There have been tens of millions of generations
for these elements to be lost, but the fact that these are still present in
snakes prompted us to rethink what these limb enhancers are doing in snakes and
mice."

Menke and postdoctoral researcher Carlos Infante examined patterns of
enhancer activity in embryonic limbs and genitalia of mice and limbed reptiles
(anole lizards). This revealed that many of the same enhancers are activated
during the formation of these different appendages in both species.

When the authors tested the ability of the lizard and snake versions of
this limb-genital enhancer to function in mice, they found that the lizard
version was capable of driving gene expression in the legs and the genitalia
(much like the mouse version), while the snake version was only capable of
driving gene expression in the genitalia. The conclusion is that many of these
noncoding regions of DNA should be more broadly categorized as "appendage
enhancers" rather than "limb enhancers," and snakes may have
retained these noncoding DNA elements due to their role in phallus development.

Menke had access to the genomes of three snake species for his study: boa
constrictor, Burmese python, and king cobra. Comparative genomics research like
this has only been possible in the past couple of years as the genome sequences
of snakes and other species have become available. One of the next steps will
be to investigate how much of a role noncoding DNA plays in the formation of
different genital shapes that are observed in nature, from the dual
hemiphalluses found in lizards and snakes to the diversity of morphologies
observed among the phalluses of mammalian species.







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by Cell Press. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Infante et al. Shared Enhancer Activity in the Limbs and Phallus
and Functional Divergence of a Limb-Genital cis-Regulatory Element in Snakes. Developmental
Cell, 2015 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.003

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151001125643.htm

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