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Kimia ulat  yang berwarna-warni

Date:

October 2, 2015

Source:

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Summary:

Para ilmuwan telah membandingkan diet dari dua spesies ulat , yang mengharapkan salah satu yang mengkomsumsi tanaman eksklusif mengandung bahan kimia beracun akan lebih mudah memasukkan racun ke dalam tubuh dari yang dengan diet yang luas . Mereka menemukan sebaliknya . Temuan baru  dalam menghadapi teori lama bahwa serangga spesialis adalah  lebih baik disesuaikan dengan menggunakan bahan kimia tanaman beracun daripada non - spesialis .

.......... Penemuan ini membuka jalan baru untuk memahami plant-insect coevolution - yang berkelanjutan dari tanaman yang memproduksi bahan kimia pertahanan baru dan serangga menemukan cara di sekitar mereka . Bahan kimia tanaman beracun juga memiliki aplikasi medis potensial terhadap mikroba atau sel-sel kanker....more

Colorful
caterpillar chemists

Date:

October 2, 2015

Source:

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Summary:

Scientists have compared the diets of two caterpillar species, expecting
the one that exclusively consumed plants containing toxic chemicals would more
easily incorporate toxins into its body than the one with a broad diet. They
found the opposite. The new finding flies in the face of a long-held theory
that specialist insects are better adapted to use toxic plant chemicals than
non-specialists.

...........................

Scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama
compared the diets of two caterpillar species, expecting the one that
exclusively consumed plants containing toxic chemicals would more easily
incorporate toxins into its body than the one with a broad diet. They found the
opposite. The new finding, published in the Journal of
Chemical Ecology, flies in the face of a long-held theory that specialist insects are
better adapted to use toxic plant chemicals than non-specialists.

The discovery opens new avenues for understanding plant-insect
coevolution--an ongoing arms race of plants producing new defense chemicals and
insects finding ways around them. Toxic plant chemicals also have potential
medical applications against microbes or cancer cells.

The tropical plant Vismia baccifera protects itself by
producing a number of repellent chemicals, including three compounds that are
toxic to living cells. Few plant-eating insects can stomach such a cocktail,
but for those that can, the advantages are clear--less competition for a meal,
and a chemical toolkit they can use in their own defense.

Skipper butterfly, Pyrrhopyge thericles, caterpillars only eat
plants in the genus Vismia. The caterpillars of a large moth,Periphoba
arcaei, have a much broader diet, including Vismiaplants and
many others. Brightly colored caterpillars, one with flamboyant stripes, and
the other blue-green with bristles, teach predators to associate their striking
looks with toxicity--a defensive warning system known as aposematism.

"Brightly colored plant-eating insects help us to identify plants
containing compounds active against important human diseases," said Todd
Capson, a former associate scientist at STRI, who oversaw visiting researcher Ciara
Raudsepp-Hearne, the lead author of the new study. The work documents the first
known occurrence of Vismia chemicals in butterflies and moths.

The researchers analyzed several life stages of the two caterpillar species
for the presence and concentration of plant toxins called vismiones. While two
vismione compounds are found at a ratio of 1:6 in the plants, in the specialist
butterfly caterpillars the compounds were barely detectable, and at roughly
equal ratios. Meanwhile, the generalist moth caterpillars contained significant
quantities of the rarer of the two compounds, suggesting that they were able to
actively store this plant chemical in their own bodies. Both caterpillars'
fecal matter revealed a 1:2 ratio of the plant compounds, indicating that their
bodies might uptake compounds selectively or convert molecules of one type over
the other.

"We know very little about just how each plant-eating insect handles
these chemicals--how they store them or eliminate them," said STRI staff
scientist and study coauthor Annette Aiello. Some insects might isolate the
compounds so they do not cause them harm, while others might convert the
molecules into forms that are harder for scientists to detect. Insects that
process harmful toxins without damaging their own cells have a survival
advantage. For a generalist species, said Aiello, "the ability to
sequester toxic compounds might be an early evolutionary breakthrough,"
the first step along the pathway to becoming a toxic plant specialist.

Previous work suggests that the presence of plant-eating insects sporting
bright warning colors may signal plants containing potentially useful
chemicals. And while specialist insects share an obvious history with their
host plants, the new study suggests that generalist insects also may play an
important role in the chemical arms race that drives plant-insect coevolution.
"The study of insects with generalist diets can sometimes yield results
that are just as rewarding as the study of specialists," Capson said.







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided bySmithsonian
Tropical Research Institute. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Ciara Raudsepp-Hearne, Annette Aiello, Ahmed A. Hussein, Maria V. Heller,
Timothy Johns, Todd L. Capson.Differential Sequestration of a Cytotoxic
Vismione from the Host Plant Vismia baccifera by Periphoba arcaei and
Pyrrhopyge thericles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015; 41
(9): 816 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0614-6

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151002144911.htm

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