Peningkatan deteksi gelombang radio dari angkasa--T-REC-komunitas reptil-semarang--KSE-komunitas satwa eksotik

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Peningkatan deteksi gelombang radio dari angkasa

Para peneliti telah mengembangkan amplifier frekuensi tinggi sangat sensitif untuk teleskop radio yang digunakan di Bumi . Amplifier menghasilkan sangat sedikit kebisingan elektromagnetik internal dan akan membantu mengukur planet kita dari luar angkasa lebih tepat daripada sebelumnya . Posisi teleskop radio akan menunjuk dengan presisi untuk sekitar satu milimeter - peningkatan sepuluh kali lipat dalam akurasi . Teknik pengukuran bergantung pada teleskop radio  yang mengambil gelombang radio yang dipancarkan oleh benda-benda di ruang angkasa ; dimana ilmuwan  lebih akurat  dapat menentukan posisi dari teleskop radio , yang lebih tepat bagi mereka untuk dapat mengukur berbagai karakteristik bumi .....more

Improved detection of radio waves from
space

Date:

May 6, 2015

Source:

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

Summary:

Researchers have developed a very sensitive high frequency amplifier for
radio telescopes used on Earth. The amplifier generates extremely little internal
electromagnetic noise and will help measure our planet from space more
precisely than ever before. The position of radio telescopes will be pinpointed
with a precision to approximately one millimeter -- a tenfold improvement in
accuracy. The measurement technique relies on radio telescopes picking up radio
waves emitted by objects in space; the more accurately scientists can determine
the positions of the radio telescopes, the more precisely they can measure
various characteristics of the Earth.

.............................

Together with their Spanish colleagues from the Instituto Geográfico
Nacional and the University of Cantabria, researchers from the Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF in Freiburg have developed a very
sensitive high frequency amplifier for radio telescopes used on Earth. The
amplifier generates extremely little internal electromagnetic noise and will
help measure our planet from space more precisely than ever before. The
position of radio telescopes will be pinpointed with a precision to
approximately one millimeter -- a tenfold improvement in accuracy. The
measurement technique relies on radio telescopes picking up radio waves emitted
by objects in space; the more accurately scientists can determine the positions
of the radio telescopes, the more precisely they can measure various
characteristics of the Earth.

"Because the radio telescopes are placed far apart at sites all round
the world, they detect the radio waves at different times," explains Dr.
Mikko Kotiranta, a researcher at Fraunhofer IAF. Determining the exact
distances between telescopes becomes a matter of the accuracy with which these
time lapses can be measured -- a process in which every picosecond, or
trillionth of a second, counts. Combining several of these measurements allows
scientists to determine with the greatest accuracy variables such as the length
of day and the movement of tectonic plates, poles and the Earth's axis.
"This information is useful for a number of applications, for instance
determining satellites' orbits with greater precision," says Kotiranta.

The radio waves in question come from quasars, which are supermassive black
holes at the center of galaxies billions of light years away from Earth. As
with any other celestial object, quasars are constantly moving through space,
but they are so far away from Earth that from our perspective they appear to
stand still. We also see them as a point-like objects, which makes them ideal
fixed points of reference for measuring the Earth. By the time the radio waves
are picked up by the radio telescopes, however, the signal is extremely weak.
This is because of the enormous distance they have had to travel through space.
Another obstruction to obtaining a clear signal detection is the interfering
electromagnetic noise generated by all bodies at temperatures above absolute
zero -- 0 Kelvin or minus 273 degrees Celsius. From an electromagnetic
perspective, absolute zero would be the temperature required for total silence.
"The general rule is that the colder it is, the less noise is
generated," says Kotiranta.

A low-noise amplifier that works in the freezing cold

To address this problem, the researchers took a previous model of the
amplifier and put it in an extra-cold freezer at a temperature of 22 Kelvin, or
minus 251 degrees Celsius. Extreme conditions that exceed the capacities of
electronic components. Or perhaps not? To find out, the researchers at
Fraunhofer IAF developed a mathematical model that describes how radio
frequency circuits should be designed if they are to function at extremely low
temperatures. Teaming up with their project partners, the researchers developed
a microwave amplifier in the cleanroom and the laboratory, which was then
tested at different temperatures. They used the results to refine the model so
that its forecasts corresponded more closely with the recorded data. This
updated model provided the basis for a new amplifier prototype, which the
researchers continued to refine until they finally succeeded in developing a
low-noise amplifier that fulfilled all the necessary requirements: an amplifier
that works perfectly even at extremely low temperatures and the interfering
electromagnetic noise of which was minimized.

This technology is currently in use in a newly constructed radio telescope
belonging to the Instituto Geográfico National in Yebes in Spain. "Initial
trials are already being conducted," says Kotiranta. The project partners
plan to start using the radio telescope for geodesy purposes from September
onwards, for instance to measure the movement of tectonic plates. Three more
large radio telescopes -- each with a diameter of over 13 meters -- are
currently being constructed. These telescopes will be built in the Azores and
the Canary Islands, and are due to enter service by the end of 2015 and 2016
respectively. The four new telescopes will form part of the worldwide network
of radio telescopes known as VGOS (Very Long Baseline Interferometry 2010
Global Observing System). "Most telescopes date back to the 1970s and
1980s, and their technology is no longer state of the art. The new generation
of telescopes will offer considerably more performance and provide us with
information about our planet that is more accurate than ever before,"
finishes Kotiranta.







Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided byFraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Note:
Materials may be edited for content and length.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150506084551.htm

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