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Memperluas teori evolusi

Date:

August 4, 2015

Source:

Indiana University

Summary:

Sebuah tim internasional dari ahli biologi bekerja untuk memperluas teori evolusi Darwin untuk mencakup faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi spesies ' pertumbuhan dan perkembangan di luar genetika - serta mempertimbangkan dampak spesies terhadap lingkungan .

.......... Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir , bagaimanapun, ahli biologi di bidangnya  diabaikan sebelumnya seperti biologi perkembangan dan ekologi yang telah membuat penemuan yang memperpanjang prinsip-prinsip dasar yang di atasnya teori Darwin didirikan ......more

Expanding the
theory of evolution

Date:

August 4, 2015

Source:

Indiana University

Summary:

An international team of biologists is working to expand Darwin's theory of
evolution to encompass factors that influence a species' growth and development
beyond genetics -- as well as to consider the impact of species on the
environment.

......................

The concepts originally laid out in Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of
Species" in 1859 continue to serve as a major foundation for the modern
theory of evolutionary biology.

In recent decades, however, biologists in previously overlooked fields such
as developmental biology and ecology have made discoveries that extend the
basic principles upon which Darwin's theory was founded.

Yet many scientists -- and science textbooks -- regard these modifications
merely as "proximate considerations," not as core aspects of
evolution. Indiana University biologist Armin Moczek and a team of
international collaborators want to change these assumptions.

Their new approach, dubbed the "extended evolutionary synthesis,"
appears in the Aug. 5 issue of the Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences.

"Our long-term goal is to lay out an extended conceptual framework for
evolutionary biology that delivers answers to questions that traditional
methods have been unable to provide," said Moczek, a professor in the IU
Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology, who is an
author on the paper.

Other collaborators include distinguished scientists from the the United
Kingdom, Israel, Australia, Austria, Sweden and the United States. The work is
the journal's 2015 "Darwin Review," an honorary name given each year
to a single paper judged highly significantly by the journal's editors.

"It's important that conceptual frameworks themselves evolve in
response to new data, theories and methodologies," said Moczek, an
internationally known expert on the evolution and development of insects.
"This isn't always straightforward since habits of thought and practice can
grow deeply entrenched."

In the paper, Moczek and others focus on several processes that, they
argue, play critical roles in evolution but typically are not regarded as part
of current evolutionary theory.

The authors discuss the way an organism's growth from egg to adult
influences species' evolution. The field of evolutionary developmental biology,
or "evo-devo," has found that highly different organisms -- from sea
urchins to insects and mammals -- use the same "building blocks" to
grow their bodies during development. This shared "toolbox" enables
unrelated organisms to evolve strikingly similar structures over time -- the
independent evolution of eyes in insects and vertebrates, for example.

These same building blocks may also be re-used in different ways. Moczek's
research, for example, shows that genes and developmental pathways that
originally gave rise to legs and other appendages were later re-used to create
beetles' extravagant horn-like structures.

Moczek and colleagues also argue that the role of "plasticity" --
or the ability of many organisms to adjust their growth and development in
response to environmental changes over their lifetime -- has been overlooked in
evolutionary theory. They cite growing evidence that novel traits prompted by
the environment may be genetically fixed in subsequent generations.

Lastly, the scientists say evolutionary theory should expand to consider
how organisms systematically modify their own environment, such as building
nests or burrows; change the atmosphere or soil; or create cultures. And they
show that factors beyond genetic inheritance influence species across
generations, including prenatal hormones, care after birth and learning.

Traditional evolutionary biology emphasizes a single direction: Genes give
rise to observable traits, such as its physical characteristics, biological
processes or behaviors. The environment may favor certain traits but in the
process remains external from the organism.

"We're arguing for a reciprocal model, one in which genes not only
contribute to an organism's observable traits, but also where an organisms' own
traits, behaviors and actions significantly impact the rate and direction of
evolutionary change," Moczek said.

This shift in approach could also have an impact on fields related to
biology, such as medicine, Moczek added.

The new conceptual framework could help advance research on how diseases --
and their cures -- may have roots in factors beyond genes, he said. A growing
number of studies suggest autoimmune diseases may stem in part from a lack of
"natural challenges" caused by widespread use of antibiotics, lack of
parasites and even flush toilets, for example. Others show that controlled
inoculation with helminths, a parasitic worm, can alleviate symptoms from asthma,
inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis; or that non-obese diabetic
mice prone to type 1 diabetes will not develop the disease upon infection with
pig whipworms.

"Collectively, these studies provide growing support that
co-development with microbial or infectious agents may be key to healthy
development," Moczek said. "We may find the conditions that favor or
discourage diseases actually arise from the environments we create through our
actions."

More information on the report can be found at:http://m.rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1813/20151019.full







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by Indiana University. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
John Odling-Smee et al. The extended evolutionary synthesis: its
structure, assumptions and predictions.Proceedings of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences, August 2015

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150804202710.htm

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