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Pigmen dari fosil telah bisa diidentifikasi , pengungkapan  warna hewan yang telah punah

Date:

September 28, 2015

Source:

Virginia Tech

Summary:

Para ilmuwan telah bisa mengungkapkan bagaimana pigmen dapat dideteksi dalam fosil mamalia , sebuah penemuan yang mungkin akhir metode  menebak dalam menentukan warna dari spesies yang telah punah .

.............. Para peneliti telah menemukan warna coklat kemerahan dari dua spesies punah kelelawar dari fosil sekitar 50 juta tahun lalu  , menandai pertama kalinya warna mamalia punah memiliki gambaran  melalui analisis fosil .....more

Pigment from
fossils identified, revealing color of extinct animals

Fossil colors are here to stay

Date:

September 28, 2015

Source:

Virginia Tech

Summary:

Scientists have revealed how pigment can be detected in mammal fossils, a
discovery that may end the guesswork in determining the colors of long extinct
species.

....................

Scientists from Virginia Tech and the University of Bristol have revealed
how pigment can be detected in mammal fossils, a discovery that may end the
guesswork in determining the colors of extinct species.

The researchers discovered the reddish brown color of two extinct species
of bat from fossils dating back about 50 million years, marking the first time
the colors of extinct mammals have been described through fossil analysis.

The techniques can be used to determine color from well-preserved animal
fossils that are up to 300 million years old, researchers said.

"We have now studied the tissues from fish, frogs, and tadpoles, hair
from mammals, feathers from birds, and ink from octopus and squids," said
Caitlin Colleary, a doctoral student of geosciences in the College of Science
at Virginia Tech and lead author of the study. "They all preserve melanin,
so it's safe to say that melanin is really all over the place in the fossil
record. Now we can confidently fill in some of the original color patterns of
these ancient animals."

The research involved scientists from the U.S., the United Kingdom,
Germany, Ethiopia, and Denmark. It is being published this week (Sept. 28) in
the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The researchers said microscopic structures traditionally believed to be
fossilized bacteria are in fact melanosomes -- organelles within cells that
contain melanin, the pigment that gives colors to hair, feathers, skin, and
eyes.

Fossil melanosomes were first described in a fossil feather in 2008 by
Jakob Vinther, a molecular paleobiologist at the University of Bristol and the
senior author of the current study.

Since then, the shapes of melanosomes have been used to look at how marine
reptiles are related and identify colors in dinosaurs and, now, mammals.

"Very importantly, we see that the different melanins are found in
organelles of different shapes: reddish melanosomes are shaped like little
meatballs, while black melanosomes are shaped like little sausages and we can
see that this trend is also present in the fossils," Vinther said.
"This means that this correlation of melanin color to shape is an ancient
invention, which we can use to easily tell color from fossils by simply looking
at the melanosomes shape."

In addition to shape, melanosomes are chemically distinct.

Using an instrument called a time-of-flight secondary ion mass
spectrometer, scientists identified the molecular makeup of the fossil melanosomes
to compare with modern melanosomes.

In addition, researchers replicated the conditions under which the fossils
formed to identify the chemical alteration of melanin, subjecting modern
feathers to high temperatures and pressures to better understand how chemical
signatures changed during millions of years of burial.

"By incorporating these experiments, we were able to see how melanin
chemically changes over millions of years, establishing a really exciting new
way of unlocking information previously inaccessible in fossils, Colleary said.

The work was carried out at the University of Bristol, where Colleary was a
master's student working with Vinther, and the University of Texas at Austin.
It was supported by funds from UT Austin, National Geographic, and the
University of Bristol.

"It was important to bring microchemistry into the debate, because
discussion has been going on for years over whether these structures were just
fossilized bacteria or specific bodies where melanin is concentrated,"
said Roger Summons, the Schlumberger Professor of Earth Science at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was not involved in the research.
"These two things have very different chemical compositions."

Summons, who was part of a research team that studied fossils of squid to
show that ink from the Jurassic period was chemically indistinguishable from
modern cuttlefish ink, said the study further helps demonstrate how all living
things on Earth have evolved in concert.

"How color is imparted and how we characterize it in fossils are
important, because they inform us about a very specific aspect of the history
of life on our planet," Summons said. "For complex animal life, color
is a factor in how individuals recognize and respond to others, determine
friend or foe, and find mates. This research provides another thread to
understand how ancient life evolved. Color recognition was an important part of
that process, and it goes far back in the history of animals."







Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided
by Virginia Tech. Note: Materials may be edited
for content and length.







Journal Reference:

1.   
Caitlin Colleary, Andrei Dolocan, James Gardner, Suresh Singh, Michael
Wuttke, Renate Rabenstein, Jörg Habersetzer, Stephan Schaal, Mulugeta Feseha,
Matthew Clemens, Bonnie F. Jacobs, Ellen D. Currano, Louis L. Jacobs, Rene Lyng
Sylvestersen, Sarah E. Gabbott, and Jakob Vinther. Chemical,
experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in
exceptionally preserved fossils. PNAS, September 28, 2015
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509831112

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150928155852.htm

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